Papers with inductive coding
Text Annotation via Inductive Coding: Comparing Human Experts to LLMs in Qualitative Data Analysis (2025.findings-naacl)
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| Challenge: | Qualitative data analysis (QDA) is an important research method across fields such as marketing, media studies, social science, psychology, medical research, and others. |
| Approach: | They evaluate the performance of open-source LLMs by comparing them to human experts. |
| Outcome: | The proposed method is based on inductive coding using large language models. |
Can LLMs Understand the Impact of Trauma? Costs and Benefits of LLMs Coding the Interviews of Firearm Violence Survivors (2026.findings-acl)
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| Challenge: | Firearm violence research remains underfunded and difficult to scale due to the lack of funding from the NIH and CDC. |
| Approach: | They use open-source large language models to inductively code interviews with 21 Black men who have survived community firearm violence. |
| Outcome: | The use of open-source LLMs to inductively code interviews with 21 Black men shows that the models can identify important codes, but that they are highly sensitive to data processing. |
A Computational Method for Measuring Open Codes in Qualitative Analysis (2026.findings-acl)
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John Chen, Alexandros Nikolaos Lotsos, Sihan Cheng, Lexie Zhao, Yanjia Zhang, Jessica Hullman, Bruce Sherin, Uri Wilensky, Michael Horn
| Challenge: | Qualitative analysis is widely adopted across many social science disciplines. |
| Approach: | They propose a theory-informed computational method for measuring inductive coding results from humans and GAI. |
| Outcome: | The proposed method captures breadth, consensus, unique contribution, and systematic deviation without assuming ground truth. |